Realism and hyperrealism designate two competing philosophies within this framework. Both recognize that our experience involves representations. They differ over the scope of those representations: do they allow us to know a reality that constrains them, or do they participate in constituting objects and the very criteria of their truth?…

One of the strangest features of contemporary society is that we have probably never talked so much about individuality while simultaneously making individuality increasingly standardized. We are constantly encouraged to express ourselves, construct identities, find our aesthetic, display our opinions, and distinguish ourselves from everyone else. At first sight, this…

I think one of the mistakes people make when talking about landlords is assuming that being against landlordism necessarily means being against private property. I see it almost in the opposite way. I am against landlordism because I want private property to be much more widespread than it is today.…

Internet memes no longer merely represent people; increasingly, people construct their personas from memes. This phenomenon can be understood by combining Richard Dawkins’s concept of the meme with Jean Baudrillard’s theory of simulation. Dawkins introduced the meme in The Selfish Gene as a cultural replicator transmitted through imitation, allowing cultural forms to…

In July, I published two articles introducing concepts that I no longer consider adequately named: Introduction to Renewal Libertarianism and Introduction to Anarcho-Panarchy. I am not abandoning the fundamental ideas behind either article, but I think my terminology obscured what I was actually trying to describe. What I previously called Renewal Libertarianism I will now…

Murray Rothbard inherited the praxeological system of Ludwig von Mises while substantially altering its philosophical foundation. Mises developed his conception of economic knowledge within a post-Kantian intellectual environment, treating praxeology as an a priori science whose propositions are not derived from historical observation. Rothbard preserved the action axiom and the…

The Austrian School is normally introduced through its economic doctrines: marginal utility, subjective value, methodological individualism, market process, spontaneous order, and, in the Misesian tradition, praxeology. Beneath these doctrines, however, lies a philosophical history that is considerably more complicated. Austrian economics emerged within a Central European intellectual environment in which…